MORE (1)

NAME

more, page - browse or page through a text file

Synopsis
Description
See Also

SYNOPSIS

more [-cdflrsuw] [-lines] [+linenumber] [+/pattern/] [filename ...]
page [-cdflrsuw] [-lines] [+linenumber] [+/pattern/] [filename ...]

DESCRIPTION

More is a filter which allows examination of a continuous text one screenful at a time on a soft-copy terminal. It normally pauses after each screenful, printing --More-- at the bottom of the screen. If the user then types a carriage return, one more line is displayed. If the user hits a space, another screenful is displayed. Other possibilities are enumerated later.
The command line options are:

-n An integer which is the size (in lines) of the window which more will use instead of the default.

-c More will draw each page by beginning at the top of the screen and erasing each line just before it draws on it. This avoids scrolling the screen, making it easier to read while more is writing. This option will be ignored if the terminal does not have the ability to clear to the end of a line.

-d More will prompt the user with the message "Press space to continue, 'q' to quit." at the end of each screenful, and will respond to subsequent illegal user input by printing "Press 'h' for instructions." instead of ringing the bell. This is useful if more is being used as a filter in some setting, such as a class, where many users may be unsophisticated.

-f This causes more to count logical, rather than screen lines. That is, long lines are not folded. This option is recommended if nroff output is being piped through ul, since the latter may generate escape sequences. These escape sequences contain characters which would ordinarily occupy screen positions, but which do not print when they are sent to the terminal as part of an escape sequence. Thus more may think that lines are longer than they actually are, and fold lines erroneously.

-l Do not treat ^L (form feed) specially. If this option is not given, more will pause after any line that contains a ^L, as if the end of a screenful had been reached. Also, if a file begins with a form feed, the screen will be cleared before the file is printed.

-r More will print ASCII control characters as 'c' with this option.

-s Squeeze multiple blank lines from the output, producing only one blank line. Especially helpful when viewing nroff output, this option maximizes the useful information present on the screen.

-u Normally, more will handle underlining such as produced by nroff in a manner appropriate to the particular terminal: if the terminal can perform underlining or has a stand-out mode, more will output appropriate escape sequences to enable underlining or stand-out mode for underlined information in the source file. The -u option suppresses this processing.

-w More normally exits immediately when the end of the last file is reached. This option causes it to print a message and wait for any key to be pressed before exiting.

+linenumber
Start up at linenumber.

+/pattern
Start up two lines before the line containing the regular expression pattern.

If the program is invoked as page, then the screen is cleared before each screenful is printed (but only if a full screenful is being printed), and k - 1 rather than k - 2 lines are printed in each screenful, where k is the number of lines the terminal can display.

More looks in the terminfo database to determine terminal characteristics, and to determine the default window size. On a terminal capable of displaying 24 lines, the default window size is 22 lines.

More looks in the environment variable MORE to pre-set any flags desired. For example, if you prefer to view files using the -c mode of operation, the csh command setenv MORE -c or the sh command sequence MORE='-c' ; export MORE would cause all invocations of more , including invocations by programs such as man and msgs , to use this mode. Normally, the user will place the command sequence which sets up the MORE environment variable in the .cshrc or .profile file.

If more is reading from a file, rather than a pipe, then a percentage is displayed along with the --More-- prompt. This gives the fraction of the file (in characters, not lines) that has been read so far.

Other sequences which may be typed when more pauses, and their effects, are as follows (i is an optional integer argument, defaulting to 1) :

i<space> display i more lines, (or another screenful if no argument is given)

^D display 11 more lines (a ''scroll''). If i is given, then the scroll size is set to i.

d same as ^D (control-D)

iz same as typing a space except that i, if present, becomes the new window size.

is skip i lines and print a screenful of lines

if skip i screenfuls and print a screenful of lines

ib skip back i screenfuls and print a screenful of lines

i^B same as b

q or Q Exit from more.

= Display the current line number.

v Start up the editor vi at the current line.

h Help command; give a description of all the more commands.

i/expr search for the i-th occurrence of the regular expression expr. If there are fewer than i occurrences of expr, and the input is a file (rather than a pipe), then the position in the file remains unchanged. Otherwise, a screenful is displayed, starting two lines before the place where the expression was found. The user's erase and kill characters may be used to edit the regular expression. Erasing back past the first column cancels the search command.

in search for the i-th occurrence of the last regular expression entered.

' (single quote) Go to the point from which the last search started. If no search has been performed in the current file, this command goes back to the beginning of the file.

!command invoke a shell with command. The characters '%' and '!' in "command" are replaced with the current file name and the previous shell command respectively. If there is no current file name, '%' is not expanded. The sequences "\%" and "\!" are replaced by "%" and "!" respectively.

i:n skip to the i-th next file given in the command line (skips to last file if n doesn't make sense)

i:p skip to the i-th previous file given in the command line. If this command is given in the middle of printing out a file, then more goes back to the beginning of the file. If i doesn't make sense, more skips back to the first file. If more is not reading from a file, the bell is rung and nothing else happens.

:f display the current file name and line number.

:q or :Q exit from more (same as q or Q).

. (dot) repeat the previous command.

The commands take effect immediately, i.e., it is not necessary to type a carriage return. Up to the time when the command character itself is given, the user may hit the line kill character to cancel the numerical argument being formed. In addition, the user may hit the erase character to redisplay the --More--(xx%) message.
At any time when output is being sent to the terminal, the user can hit the quit key (normally control-\). More will stop sending output, and will display the usual --More-- prompt. The user may then enter one of the above commands in the normal manner. Unfortunately, some output is lost when this is done, due to the fact that any characters waiting in the terminal's output queue are flushed when the quit signal occurs.
The terminal is set to noecho mode by this program so that the output can be continuous. What you type will thus not show on your terminal, except for the / and ! commands.
If the standard output is not a teletype, then more acts just like cat, except that a header is printed before each file (if there is more than one).
A sample usage of more in previewing nroff output would be
nroff -ms +2 doc.n | more -s

MORE (1)

NAME

CONTENTS

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

SEE ALSO

-n	An integer which is the size (in lines) of the window which more will use instead of the default.
-c	More will draw each page by beginning at the top of the screen and erasing each line just before it draws on it. This avoids scrolling the screen, making it easier to read while more is writing. This option will be ignored if the terminal does not have the ability to clear to the end of a line.
-d	More will prompt the user with the message "Press space to continue, 'q' to quit." at the end of each screenful, and will respond to subsequent illegal user input by printing "Press 'h' for instructions." instead of ringing the bell. This is useful if more is being used as a filter in some setting, such as a class, where many users may be unsophisticated.
-f	This causes more to count logical, rather than screen lines. That is, long lines are not folded. This option is recommended if nroff output is being piped through ul, since the latter may generate escape sequences. These escape sequences contain characters which would ordinarily occupy screen positions, but which do not print when they are sent to the terminal as part of an escape sequence. Thus more may think that lines are longer than they actually are, and fold lines erroneously.
-l	Do not treat ^L (form feed) specially. If this option is not given, more will pause after any line that contains a ^L, as if the end of a screenful had been reached. Also, if a file begins with a form feed, the screen will be cleared before the file is printed.
-r	More will print ASCII control characters as 'c' with this option.
-s	Squeeze multiple blank lines from the output, producing only one blank line. Especially helpful when viewing nroff output, this option maximizes the useful information present on the screen.
-u	Normally, more will handle underlining such as produced by nroff in a manner appropriate to the particular terminal: if the terminal can perform underlining or has a stand-out mode, more will output appropriate escape sequences to enable underlining or stand-out mode for underlined information in the source file. The -u option suppresses this processing.
-w	More normally exits immediately when the end of the last file is reached. This option causes it to print a message and wait for any key to be pressed before exiting.
+linenumber
	Start up at linenumber.
+/pattern
	Start up two lines before the line containing the regular expression pattern.
If the program is invoked as page, then the screen is cleared before each screenful is printed (but only if a full screenful is being printed), and k - 1 rather than k - 2 lines are printed in each screenful, where k is the number of lines the terminal can display.
More looks in the terminfo database to determine terminal characteristics, and to determine the default window size. On a terminal capable of displaying 24 lines, the default window size is 22 lines.
More looks in the environment variable MORE to pre-set any flags desired. For example, if you prefer to view files using the -c mode of operation, the csh command setenv MORE -c or the sh command sequence MORE='-c' ; export MORE would cause all invocations of more , including invocations by programs such as man and msgs , to use this mode. Normally, the user will place the command sequence which sets up the MORE environment variable in the .cshrc or .profile file.
If more is reading from a file, rather than a pipe, then a percentage is displayed along with the --More-- prompt. This gives the fraction of the file (in characters, not lines) that has been read so far.
Other sequences which may be typed when more pauses, and their effects, are as follows (i is an optional integer argument, defaulting to 1) :
i<space>	display i more lines, (or another screenful if no argument is given)
^D	display 11 more lines (a ''scroll''). If i is given, then the scroll size is set to i.
d	same as ^D (control-D)
iz	same as typing a space except that i, if present, becomes the new window size.
is	skip i lines and print a screenful of lines
if	skip i screenfuls and print a screenful of lines
ib	skip back i screenfuls and print a screenful of lines
i^B	same as b
q or Q	Exit from more.
=	Display the current line number.
v	Start up the editor vi at the current line.
h	Help command; give a description of all the more commands.
i/expr	search for the i-th occurrence of the regular expression expr. If there are fewer than i occurrences of expr, and the input is a file (rather than a pipe), then the position in the file remains unchanged. Otherwise, a screenful is displayed, starting two lines before the place where the expression was found. The user's erase and kill characters may be used to edit the regular expression. Erasing back past the first column cancels the search command.
in	search for the i-th occurrence of the last regular expression entered.
'	(single quote) Go to the point from which the last search started. If no search has been performed in the current file, this command goes back to the beginning of the file.
!command	invoke a shell with command. The characters '%' and '!' in "command" are replaced with the current file name and the previous shell command respectively. If there is no current file name, '%' is not expanded. The sequences "\%" and "\!" are replaced by "%" and "!" respectively.
i:n	skip to the i-th next file given in the command line (skips to last file if n doesn't make sense)
i:p	skip to the i-th previous file given in the command line. If this command is given in the middle of printing out a file, then more goes back to the beginning of the file. If i doesn't make sense, more skips back to the first file. If more is not reading from a file, the bell is rung and nothing else happens.
:f	display the current file name and line number.
:q or :Q	exit from more (same as q or Q).
.	(dot) repeat the previous command.